In recent years, log burners have become a popular feature in many UK homes. From cosy cottages to modern garden rooms, they offer independence from the gas grid, lower heating bills, and an undeniable charm. However, growing scientific research points to a less romantic side of wood burning: its significant impact on air quality and health.
This article explores what the science says about domestic wood burning, including its contribution to pollution, the risks to human health, and how UK regulation is responding.
Wood Burning and Fine Particle Pollution (PM2.5)
According to a 2023 study from the University of Birmingham, domestic wood burning in the UK now contributes to around 25% of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the air. That’s more than the pollution caused by road traffic, which accounts for 22% (BBC News).
PM2.5 particles are tiny — about 30 times smaller than the width of a human hair — and can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. Long-term exposure has been linked to heart disease, strokes, respiratory illnesses, and even cancer.
Even homes using modern, “EcoDesign-compliant” stoves are not immune. A study supported by Health Innovation Wessex found that households with wood stoves measured three times higher indoor PM2.5 levels than homes without any wood burning appliance (Health Innovation Wessex).
Health Impacts of Domestic Wood Smoke
Wood smoke contains more than just particles — it includes carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, and formaldehyde. Prolonged exposure can be especially harmful to children, the elderly, and people with asthma or heart conditions.
In London alone, air pollution from household wood burning is estimated to cause:
· 284 premature deaths per year
· 90 new cases of childhood asthma
· 60 strokes
· 30 cases of lung cancer annually
These figures come from modelling published in The Guardian in late 2023 (The Guardian) and reflect growing concern in the public health community.
Are Log Burners Still Legal in the UK?
Yes — log burners remain legal across the UK, but they are subject to increasing regulation.
As of 2021:
· The sale of wet wood (with >20% moisture) is banned.
· Only DEFRA-approved stoves can be used in Smoke Control Areas.
· EcoDesign standards (in force since 2022) limit emissions from all newly sold stoves.
But enforcement is patchy. Between September 2023 and August 2024, only four fines were issued in England for illegal wood burning, despite over 5,600 complaints, according to a report by The Guardian.
What Do Experts Recommend?
Public health organisations, including the British Lung Foundation and Royal College of Physicians, now advise against non-essential wood burning. While they stop short of calling for a nationwide ban, they stress:
· Avoiding wood stoves in homes with vulnerable individuals
· Using dry, seasoned wood only
· Ensuring proper ventilation and flue maintenance
· Upgrading to the cleanest available stove if one is used
Campaigns are also calling for clearer labelling and public education around the risks of even “approved” stoves.
What Can Homeowners Do?
If you already own a wood stove or are considering one, it’s important to stay informed and responsible. Here’s what you can do:
· Choose a DEFRA-exempt, EcoDesign stove
· Use only kiln-dried or certified dry logs
· Keep your stove well maintained and sweep your chimney regularly
· Install a high-efficiency flue liner to minimise smoke leaks
· Burn only when truly necessary — not just for aesthetics
For a selection of modern, compliant log burners, look for models that meet UK emissions and efficiency standards and are correctly matched to your space and ventilation needs.
Conclusion
The image of a glowing log burner may feel comforting, but science continues to reveal the hidden costs of domestic wood burning. From PM2.5 emissions to long-term health impacts, the risks are real — and the UK is starting to take notice.
If you’re using or installing a stove, do it responsibly. That means choosing the right appliance, using clean fuel, and understanding the environmental footprint of each fire you light.
A warm home should never come at the cost of clean air.